Carbohydrate Metabolism

Cori cycle carries lactate; the alanine cycle also carries nitrogen

A memory aid for the two cycles returning muscle carbon to the liver.

Both enter glycolysis, and blocks in either pathway cause distinct disorders

A memory aid for the metabolism of the other dietary sugars.

Pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase

A memory aid for the four enzymes that bypass the irreversible steps of glycolysis.

Glycogen synthase builds; glycogen phosphorylase breaks down

A memory aid for glycogen synthesis and breakdown.

Von Gierke, Pompe, Cori and McArdle, by the organ affected

A memory aid for the main glycogen storage diseases.

Ten steps converting glucose to two pyruvate, with a net gain of two ATP

A memory aid for the key steps and regulation of glycolysis.

Insulin stores in the fed state, glucagon mobilises in the fasted

A memory aid for the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon.

A receptor tyrosine kinase acting through IRS and PI3K to recruit GLUT4

A memory aid for how insulin acts at the cellular level.

Produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate without making ATP

A memory aid for the products and purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway.

Irreversibly converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, requiring five cofactors

A memory aid for the enzyme linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Aldose reductase converts glucose to sorbitol, which is trapped inside cells

A memory aid for the polyol pathway and diabetic complications.