Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pathology

Portal hypertension and hepatocellular failure, each with its own complications

A memory aid for the consequences of cirrhosis.

Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis

A memory aid for the duodenal biopsy findings in coeliac disease.

APC, then KRAS, then p53, accumulating over years

A memory aid for the molecular steps from normal colon to carcinoma.

Neoplastic adenomas versus non-neoplastic polyps

A memory aid for the types of colonic polyp and their malignant potential.

Intestinal type from atrophic gastritis, diffuse type with signet ring cells

A memory aid for the types and spread of stomach cancer.

Transmural granulomatous inflammation versus mucosal crypt abscesses

A memory aid for the histological differences between Crohn and ulcerative colitis.

Steatosis, hepatitis, cholestasis, fibrosis and cirrhosis

A memory aid for the histological patterns of liver damage.

Squamous in the upper two-thirds, adenocarcinoma in the lower third

A memory aid for the two types of oesophageal cancer.

Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs account for the great majority

A memory aid for the causes and complications of peptic ulceration.