Mnemonic

QT Prolonging Drugs

A mnemonic for the drug classes that prolong the QT interval.

Expansion

The As: antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiemetics

Expansion

The As, which covers most of them:

  • Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, sotalol, quinidine, procainamide
  • Antibiotics: macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin), quinolones, fluconazole
  • Antipsychotics: haloperidol, quetiapine, risperidone
  • Antidepressants: citalopram and escitalopram, tricyclics
  • Antiemetics: ondansetron, domperidone
  • Antihistamines, and methadone

Normal QTc: under 440 ms in men, 460 ms in women. Over 500 ms carries a markedly increased risk of torsades de pointes.

Risk factors that multiply the drug effect

  • Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia
  • Bradycardia
  • Female sex, age, structural heart disease, hepatic or renal impairment
  • Congenital long QT syndrome
  • Two QT prolonging drugs together, or a CYP inhibitor raising the level of one

“Correct the electrolytes, stop the drug, and treat torsades with magnesium.”

Torsades de pointes is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a twisting axis: treat with intravenous magnesium sulphate, correct electrolytes, stop the offending drugs, and consider overdrive pacing for recurrent episodes.