Mnemonic

Targeted Cancer Therapies

A memory aid for the classes of targeted anticancer drug.

Expansion

Monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors

Expansion

Naming conventions

  • -mab: monoclonal antibody
  • -nib: small molecule kinase inhibitor
  • -ximab chimeric, -zumab humanised, -umab fully human

Monoclonal antibodies

  • Trastuzumab: HER2 in breast and gastric cancer. Causes cardiomyopathy, requiring echocardiographic monitoring, and it is additive with anthracyclines
  • Rituximab: CD20 on B cells. Risk of hepatitis B reactivation
  • Bevacizumab: VEGF. Hypertension, bleeding, impaired wound healing, perforation
  • Cetuximab: EGFR; ineffective if KRAS is mutated

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

  • Imatinib: BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukaemia, the landmark example
  • Erlotinib, osimertinib: EGFR in lung cancer
  • Class effects: rash, diarrhoea, hypertension, QT prolongation

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

  • PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and CTLA-4 (ipilimumab)
  • Release the brakes on T cells, causing immune-related adverse events in any organ: colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, thyroiditis, hypophysitis. Treated with steroids, not by stopping alone

The unifying principle is that toxicity follows the target’s normal function rather than affecting all dividing cells.