Anatomy subcategory
Heart Failure
Mnemonics for compensation, classification, drug therapy and cardiac output.
Entries in Heart Failure
Sit up, oxygen, nitrates, diuretics, and treat the cause
A mnemonic for the immediate treatment of acute pulmonary oedema.
Aortic pressure, systemic vascular resistance, ventricular radius and wall thickness
A memory aid for the factors setting ventricular afterload.
Preload, Rate, Stroke volume, Heart contractility
A mnemonic for the four main determinants of cardiac output.
Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
A memory aid for calculating cardiac output and its normal values.
Fick principle, indicator dilution, thermodilution, Doppler and pulse contour analysis
A memory aid for the methods of measuring cardiac output.
Sympathetic drive and calcium raise it; hypoxia, acidosis and beta blockade lower it
A memory aid for what increases and decreases myocardial contractility.
Stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume, normally over 50 per cent
A memory aid for calculating and interpreting ejection fraction.
The more the ventricle fills, the harder it contracts, within limits
A memory aid for the relationship between ventricular filling and stroke volume.
Sympathetic activation, renin-angiotensin activation, and ventricular remodelling
A memory aid for the compensatory mechanisms in heart failure and why they fail.
ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, mineralocorticoid antagonist and SGLT2 inhibitor
A memory aid for the drugs that improve survival in heart failure.
Anaemia, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, sepsis, beriberi, Paget disease and arteriovenous fistula
A mnemonic for the causes of a high output circulation.
Wall stress equals pressure times radius divided by twice the wall thickness
A memory aid for how chamber size and wall thickness affect wall stress.
Left failure causes pulmonary congestion; right failure causes systemic congestion
A memory aid for distinguishing left from right heart failure.
Released by stretched myocardium; they oppose the renin-angiotensin system
A memory aid for the actions of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide.
Four classes, graded by the activity that causes symptoms
A memory aid for grading the functional severity of heart failure.
Venous return, venous tone, blood volume, atrial contraction, heart rate and compliance
A memory aid for the factors setting ventricular preload.
Raised hydrostatic pressure or increased permeability floods the interstitium then alveoli
A memory aid for the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema.