Expansion
Preload, Rate, Stroke volume, Heart contractility
Expansion
- P - Preload (venous return / end-diastolic volume)
- R - Rate (heart rate)
- S - Stroke volume
- H - Heart contractility (inotropy)
Mnemonic
A mnemonic for the four main determinants of cardiac output.
Preload, Rate, Stroke volume, Heart contractility