Genetics and Tissue Diagnosis

Combined test, quadruple test, anomaly scan and infectious disease screening

A memory aid for the antenatal screening programme and its tests.

More tissue gives more information but carries more risk

A memory aid for choosing between fine needle aspiration, core and excision biopsy.

Cytology examines individual cells; histology examines tissue architecture

A memory aid for the difference between cytology and histology.

Margins, tissue identification, and confirming malignancy during surgery

A memory aid for when an intraoperative frozen section is used.

Dominant appears in every generation; recessive skips; X-linked spares father to son

A memory aid for recognising modes of inheritance from a pedigree.

Resolution rises from whole chromosome to single base

A memory aid for choosing between karyotype, FISH, array and sequencing.

Antibodies against lineage-specific proteins identify a tumour's origin

A memory aid for the immunohistochemical markers identifying tissue lineage.

Testing that determines which targeted treatment will work

A memory aid for the predictive biomarkers tested on tumour tissue.

Stage is how far it has spread; grade is how abnormal it looks

A memory aid for the difference between stage and grade.