Neoplasia

Malignant tumours invade, metastasise, grow rapidly and show cellular atypia

A memory aid for distinguishing benign from malignant neoplasms.

Each agent has a characteristic tumour

A memory aid for the classic chemical, physical and biological carcinogens.

G1, S, G2 and M, with checkpoints controlled by cyclins and p53

A memory aid for the phases of the cell cycle and their checkpoints.

Metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, then invasion

A memory aid for the steps from normal epithelium to invasive cancer.

Self-sufficiency in growth, evasion of death, limitless replication, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis

A memory aid for the acquired capabilities of a malignant cell.

Oncogenes are the accelerator, tumour suppressors the brakes

A memory aid for the two classes of cancer gene.

Effects not explained by the tumour mass, its metastases or its hormones of origin

A memory aid for the syndromes caused by tumours at a distance.

Local invasion, lymphatic, haematogenous, transcoelomic and perineural

A mnemonic for the ways malignancy spreads.

Stage is how far it has spread; grade is how abnormal it looks

A memory aid for the difference between stage and grade.