Expansion
Each agent has a characteristic tumour
Expansion
Chemical
| Agent | Tumour |
|---|---|
| Aflatoxin | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Aniline (azo) dyes | Bladder transitional cell carcinoma |
| Vinyl chloride | Hepatic angiosarcoma |
| Asbestos | Bronchial carcinoma and mesothelioma |
| Benzene | Acute myeloid leukaemia |
| Nitrosamines | Gastric and oesophageal |
| Arsenic | Skin, lung, angiosarcoma |
| Alkylating agents | Leukaemia |
| Tobacco smoke | Lung, bladder, head and neck, oesophagus, pancreas |
Physical: ionising radiation (leukaemia, thyroid, sarcoma), ultraviolet light (basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma), chronic irritation.
Biological
- HPV 16 and 18 - cervical, anal and oropharyngeal carcinoma
- EBV - Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma
- Hepatitis B and C - hepatocellular carcinoma
- H. pylori - gastric carcinoma and MALT lymphoma
- HHV-8 - Kaposi sarcoma
- HTLV-1 - adult T cell leukaemia
- Schistosoma haematobium - squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
“Aniline for bladder, aflatoxin for liver, vinyl chloride for angiosarcoma.”
Note the two bladder cancers: aniline dyes and smoking cause transitional cell carcinoma, while schistosomiasis causes squamous cell carcinoma.