Muscle and Exercise

Bone remodels along lines of stress, according to Wolff's law

A memory aid for how bone responds to mechanical load.

Microscopic damage from eccentric contraction, not lactate

A memory aid for the mechanism of post-exercise muscle soreness.

Muscle wasting, bone loss, orthostatic intolerance and thrombosis

A memory aid for the systemic consequences of prolonged bed rest.

Avascular, aneural cartilage nourished by synovial fluid

A memory aid for the properties of articular cartilage and synovial fluid.

Force is greatest at optimal length and falls as shortening velocity rises

A memory aid for the two fundamental muscle mechanics relationships.

Uncontrolled calcium release causes sustained contraction and hypermetabolism

A memory aid for the mechanism and treatment of malignant hyperthermia.

Recruitment of more units and increased firing rate, following the size principle

A memory aid for how muscle force is graded.

Phosphocreatine for seconds, glycolysis for minutes, oxidative for hours

A memory aid for the three energy systems supplying muscle.

Central and peripheral mechanisms, with metabolite accumulation and substrate depletion

A memory aid for the causes of muscle fatigue.

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption repays stores and restores homeostasis

A memory aid for why oxygen consumption stays high after exercise.

Myoglobin, potassium, phosphate and creatine kinase are released into the circulation

A memory aid for the consequences of muscle breakdown.

Progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and function with age

A memory aid for age-related muscle loss.

Type I slow oxidative, type IIa fast oxidative, type IIx fast glycolytic

A memory aid for the differences between slow and fast muscle fibres.

Filaments slide past each other without changing length, powered by ATP

A memory aid for the cross-bridge cycle of muscle contraction.

Calcium acts through calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase, not troponin

A memory aid for how smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle.

Dense type I collagen with poor blood supply and slow healing

A memory aid for the properties and healing of tendon.

Evaporation is the main route of heat loss, and it fails in high humidity

A memory aid for heat production and loss during exercise.

Endurance training improves oxygen delivery and use; resistance training increases muscle size and neural drive

A memory aid for the adaptations to endurance and resistance training.

Cardiac output is the main limiting factor, not the lungs

A memory aid for maximal oxygen uptake and what limits it.